Atmospheric pollution and soil-water synergies in the life cycle of fossil fuels and biofuels: A comparative study
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Abstract
Fossil fuels release ancient carbon and toxic pollutants (SOx, heavy metals), whereas biofuels recycle recent CO₂ but their agricultural production can cause eutrophication and deforestation. This study aimed to analyze and compare emissions associated with agricultural practices in Ecuador through a systematic review of official data (2015–2021) and scientific literature. Key indicators were evaluated, such as emission factors (g CO₂/MJ), fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) release and toxicity, and the relative contribution of these emissions to the national carbon footprint. Fossil fuels emit 50–91.6 g CO₂/MJ and SOx; biofuels derived from lignocellulosic residues achieve negative emissions (-1.1 g CO₂ eq/MJ), whereas those from palm or soy double the fossil footprint (74 g CO₂ eq/MJ) due to land-use change. The study concludes that only advanced biofuels are sustainable; first-generation biofuels can be worse than fossil fuels. The discussion highlights that sustainability depends critically on the feedstock, agricultural practices, and waste management.
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